Inhibidores de hongos micotoxigénicos en granos de maíz almacenados bajo diferentes niveles de humedad y períodos de tiempo

Marco Maidana Ojeda; Lidia Quintana Viedma; Daniela Inés Haupenthal; Gerónimo Arámbula Villa; Guillermo Andrés Enciso Maldonado; Jazmín Yerutí Mongelós Franco

doi:10.18004/investig.agrar.2025.e2702828

Autores

Marco Maidana Ojeda Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Chapingo, Texcoco, México https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1578-7454
Lidia Quintana Viedma Universidad Nacional de Itapúa. Encarnación, Paraguay https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8889-0970
Daniela Inés Haupenthal Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción” Unidad Pedagógica Hohenau, Paraguay https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2832-5934
Gerónimo Arámbula Villa Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Santiago de Querétaro, México https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2832-5934
Guillermo Andrés Enciso Maldonado Universidad Católica “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción” Unidad Pedagógica Hohenau, Paraguay https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9528-7627
Jazmín Yerutí Mongelós Franco Centro de Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica. Hohenau, Paraguay https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8120-5670

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18004/investig.agrar.2025.e2702828

Palavras-chave:

aflatoxinas, Aspergillus, Fusarium, micotoxinas

Resumo

A produção de milho é comprometida por fungos micotoxigénicos como Fusarium, Aspergillus e Penicillium, que reduzem o rendimento e a qualidade desde o campo até à comercialização, causando riscos gastrointestinais e carcinogénicos em humanos e animais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de quatro inibidores fúngicos em grãos de milho armazenados sob diferentes condições de humidade e tempo. Foram avaliados extrato de Larrea tridentata (10 mL L⁻¹), azadiractina (20 mL L⁻¹), fosfureto de alumínio (3 mg L⁻¹) e mistura de ácidos orgânicos (ascórbico 1%, cítrico 0,25%, láctico 0,25%) contra A. flavus, A. fumigatus e F. verticillioides em grãos armazenados a 12, 15 e 18% de humidade durante 120 dias. Foi utilizado um desenho fatorial (três fungos × três humidades × cinco tratamentos) em arranjo completamente aleatório. Os inibidores mostraram residualidade inferior a dez dias. Na câmara húmida, a incidência fúngica aumentou de 8–19% aos dez dias de incubação, ultrapassando 96% aos trinta dias. Após noventa dias de armazenamento, A. flavus apresentou a menor incidência (9,5%) em grãos com 12% de humidade, enquanto A. fumigatus e F. verticillioides atingiram 42,0% e 15,0%, respetivamente. As aflatoxinas foram detectadas apenas em grãos com 18% de humidade, atingindo concentrações máximas de 6,5 mg kg⁻¹ (A. flavus) e 11,0 mg kg⁻¹ (A. fumigatus). Os resultados destacam a necessidade de manter a humidade abaixo de 12% e aplicar inibidores fúngicos.

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