Availability of iron, manganese, copper, and zinc in different land uses and depths of an Oxisol in Alto Paraná, Paraguay
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18004/investig.agrar.2026.e2801848Keywords:
micronutrients, soil pH, organic matter, soil depth, land use, OxisolAbstract
Adequate micronutrient availability is essential for agricultural crop development, as micronutrients are essential for plant growth, chlorophyll formation, and the optimization of nitrogen use. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of soil use and depth on the levels of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in an Oxisol, and to analyze the relationship of these micronutrients with pH and organic matter (OM). Statistical analysis was performed using Friedman's non-parametric test. Treatments consisted of four soil uses (Forest, Pasture, Conventional agriculture, Conservation agriculture) and six depths (0-5, 5-15, 15-30, 30-60, 60-100, and 100-150 cm, respectively). The agricultural system recorded the lowest levels of Mn (43.4 mg kg⁻¹), Cu (14.2 mg kg⁻¹), and Zn (2.2 mg kg⁻¹); in contrast, the influence of manure in pasture soil favored the highest micronutrient concentrations, with values of Fe: 47.9 mg kg⁻¹, Mn: 47.5 mg kg⁻¹, Cu: 26.9 mg kg⁻¹, and Zn: 4.5 mg kg⁻¹. Across all four soil uses, the highest Cu levels were recorded in the 15 to 60 cm layer. In the surface layer (0-5 cm), the highest OM concentration stood out in forest and pasture (6.7% and 4.9%). Statistical analysis shows that forest soil had a pH of 5.3, more acidic than the other soil uses. No significant correlation was observed between the evaluated micronutrients and the soil pH and organic matter variables.Downloads
References
Alloway, B. J. (2009). Soil factors associated with zinc deficiency in crops and humans. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 31, 537–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-009-9255-4.
Arroyo, E. A., Sanzano, A., Rojas Quinteros, H. C., y Navarro Di Marco, J. P. (2022). Estado de fertilidad de los suelos cañeros de Tucumán, Argentina: materia orgánica, nitrógeno y pH del suelo. Revista industrial y agrícola de Tucumán, 99(1), 37-42. https://publicaciones.eeaoc.gob.ar/index.php/riat/article/view/28
Aruani, M. C., & Sánchez, E. E. (2003). Fracciones de micronutrientes en suelos del Alto Valle De Rio Negro, Argentina. Ciencia del Suelo, 78-81. Obtenido de https://suelos.org.ar/publicaciones/vol_21n2/aruani_78-81.pdf
Barbazán, M., Del Pino, A., Moltini, C., Hernández, J., y Rodríguez, J. (2011). Caracterización de materiales orgánicos aplicados en sistemas agrícolas intensivos de Uruguay. Agrociencia, 15(1), p. 82-92. http://www.scielo.edu.uy/scielo.php?pid=S2301-15482011000100010&script=sci_abstract&tlng=pt
Caires, E., Haliski, A., Bini, A., & Scharr, D. (2015). Surface liming and nitrogen fertilization for crop grain production under no-till management in Brazil. European Journal of Agronomy, 66, 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2015.02.008.
Casanova, E., y Lobo, D. (2007). Relación entre la física y la fertilidad de los suelos. Revista Venesuelos, 15 (1), p. 42-56. https://saber.ucv.ve/ojs/index.php/rev_venes/article/view/988
D'andrea, E., Fariña, S., La Manna, A., Baraibar, N., Fugazot, C., & Quincke, A. (2022). Long term change in soil test P and farm gate P balance of grazing dairy farms of southern Uruguay. 7th Phosphorus in Soils and Plants Symposium (PSP7), 72. Obtenido de https://ainfo.inia.uy/digital/bitstream/item/17493/1/DAndrea-PSP7-2022-p72.pdf
Derpsch, R. (2025). Siembra directa, agricultura sostenible en el nuevo milenio. Que es SD? Descripción y definición de Siembre Directa o Labranza Cero. http://www.rolf-derpsch.com/es/siembra-directa/que-es-sd/index.html#c439
Domanska, J. (2009). Soluble forms of zinc in profiles of selected types of arable soils. Journal of Elementol, 14 (1), p. 55-62. https://uwm.edu.pl/jold/poj1412009/jurnal-06.pdf
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO). (2025). Faol Soils Portal. https://www.fao.org/soils-portal/about/all-definitions/en/
Lana, M. D. C., Fey, R., Fradoloso, J. F., Richart, A., y Fontaniva, S. (2009). Análise química de solo e tecido vegetal: práticas de laboratório. UNIOESTE, Marechal Cândido Rondon. 119p. https://es.scribd.com/document/421644200/ANALISE-QUIMICA-DE-SOLO-E-TECIDO-VEGETAL-PRATICAS-DE-LABORATORIO
Lavado, R. S., Porcelli, C. A., & Alvarez, R. (1999). Concentration and distribution of extractable ele-ments in soil as affected by tillage systems and fertilization. Science of The Total Environment, 232(3), p.185-191. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969799000959
Lindsay, W. L. (2010). Chemical Equilibria in Soils (Reimpresión de la edición de 1979). . Blackburn Press.
Lobo, D., Peña, Y. O., Lozano, Z., & Hernández, R. M. (2012). Micronutrientes en agregados de un suelo de sabana, bajo un sistema maíz-ganado mejorado. Venesuelos, 20(1), p. 41 – 52. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259622391_Micronutrientes_en_agregados_de_un_suelo_de_sabana_bajo_un_sistema_maiz-ganado_mejorado
López Gorostiaga, O. E., & Lesme Brun, J. Á. (2024). Grandes grupos de suelos de la región oriental del Paraguay. San Lorenzo, Central, Paraguay: SOPASIS.
Macias Cepeda, D. J. (2022). Los micronutrientes y su importancia en el cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) (Bachelor's thesis): Universidad Técnica de Babahoyo. https://rraae.cedia.edu.ec/vufind/Record/UTB_10e8b3157a575f4bad01a99a08feed2b?sid=6356874&lng=se0
Mosquera-Losada, M. R., y González-Rodríguez, A. (2015). Fertilización nitrogenada y potásica en pradera mixta: efecto sobre el nivel de microelementos. Pastos, 31 (2), p.233-248. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5121050
Ratto de Miguez, S., y Fatta, N. (1990). Disponibilidad de micronutrientes en suelos del área maicera núcleo. Revista Ciencia del Suelo, 8(1) p. 9-15. https://www.suelos.org.ar/publicaciones/vol_8n1/ratto.pdf
Roca, N., Pazos, M. S., & Bech, J. (2007). Disponibilidad de cobre, hierro, manganeso, zinc en suelos del no argentino. https://www.suelos.org.ar/publicaciones/vol_25n1/roca_31-42.pdf
Sá, J. C., Tivet, F., Lal, R., Briedis, C., Hartman, D. C., Santos, J. Z., & dos Santos, J. B. (2014). Long-term tillage systems impacts on soil C dynamics, soil resilience and agronomic productivity of a Brazilian Oxisols. Soil and Tillage Research, 136, 38-50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.still.2013 .09.010
Salazar, F., Dumont, J. C., Chadwick, D., Saldaña, R., y Santana, M. (2007). Caracterización de purines de lecherías en el Sur de Chile. Agricultura técnica, 67(2), 155-162. https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0365-28072007000200005
Santiago, A., Quintero, J. M., & Delgado, A. (2008). Long-term effects of tillage on the availability of iron, copper, manganese, and zinc in Spanish Vertisol. Soil and Tillage Research, 98(2), p. 200-207. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167198708000032
Silva, F. C. (2009). Manual de análises químicas de solos, plantas e fertilizantes. Embrapa Informação Tecnológica. Rio de Janeiro (Br). Embrapa Solos, 627 págs. https://www.sidalc.net/search/Record/dig-infoteca-e-doc-330496/Description
Souza, I. F., Almeida, L. F., Jesus, G. L., Pett-Ridge, J., Nico, P. S., Kleber, M., & Silva, I. R. (2018). Carbon Sink Strength of Subsurface Horizons in Brazilian Oxisols. Revista de la Sociedad de Ciencias del Suelo de América, 82(1), 76-86. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2017.05.0143
Stevenson, F. J. (1994). Humus chemistry: Genesis, composition, reactions (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
Villasanti, C., Román, P., y Pantoja, A. (eds.) (2013). El manejo del suelo en la producción de hortalizas con buenas prácticas agrícolas. Paraguay: FAO. https://www.fao.org/4/i3361s/i3361s.pdf
Zhalnina, K., Louie, K., Hao, Z., Mansoori, N., da Rocha, U. N., Shi, S., & Brodie, E. L. (2018). Dynamic root exudate chemistry and microbial substrate preferences drive patterns in rhizosphere microbial community assembly. Nature Microbiology, 3(4), 470-480. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0129-3
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Milciades Prieto Arevalos
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
All content in this journal is under Creative Commons Attribution License.
All content in this journal is under 