Inhibidores de hongos micotoxigénicos en granos de maíz almacenados bajo diferentes niveles de humedad y períodos de tiempo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18004/investig.agrar.2025.e2702828Palabras clave:
aflatoxinas, Aspergillus, Fusarium, micotoxinasResumen
La producción de maíz se ve comprometida por hongos micotoxigénicos como Fusarium, Aspergillus y Penicillium, que reducen el rendimiento y la calidad desde el campo hasta la comercialización, causando riesgos gastrointestinales y carcinogénicos en humanos y animales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la eficacia de cuatro inhibidores fúngicos en granos de maíz almacenados bajo diferentes condiciones de humedad y tiempo. Se evaluaron extracto de Larrea tridentata (10 mL L⁻¹), azadiractina (20 mL L⁻¹), fosfuro de aluminio (3 mg L⁻¹) y mezcla de ácidos orgánicos (ascórbico 1%, cítrico 0,25%, láctico 0,25%) contra A. flavus, A. fumigatus y F. verticillioides en granos almacenados a 12, 15 y 18% de humedad durante 120 días. Se utilizó un diseño factorial (tres hongos × tres humedades × cinco tratamientos) en arreglo completamente al azar. Los inhibidores mostraron residualidad menor a diez días. En cámara húmeda, la incidencia fúngica aumentó de 8–19% a diez días de incubación hasta superar 96% a treinta días. Tras noventa días de almacenamiento, A. flavus presentó la menor incidencia (9,5%) en granos con 12% de humedad, mientras que A. fumigatus y F. verticillioides alcanzaron 42,0% y 15,0%, respectivamente. Las aflatoxinas se detectaron únicamente en granos con 18% de humedad, alcanzando concentraciones máximas de 6,5 mg kg⁻¹ (A. flavus) y 11,0 mg kg⁻¹ (A. fumigatus). Los resultados subrayan la necesidad de mantener la humedad por debajo del 12% y aplicar inhibidores fúngicos tempranos para prevenir la producción de micotoxinas durante el almacenamiento del maíz.Descargas
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Derechos de autor 2025 Marco Maidana Ojeda, Lidia Quintana Viedma, Daniela Inés Haupenthal, Gerónimo Arámbula Villa, Guillermo Andrés Enciso Maldonado, Jazmín Yerutí Mongelós Franco
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