Explorando el estado del arte de la labranza y su impacto en la calidad del suelo y la productividad agrícola: Una revisión crítica de los últimos 20 años

Carlos Alcides Villalba Algarin; Alodia Concepción González; Javier Emilio Szostak; Marcos Fabian Sanabria Franco

doi:10.18004/investig.agrar.2024.diciembre.2602806

Autores/as

Carlos Alcides Villalba Algarin Instituto Paraguayo de Tecnología Agraria, Centro de Investigación Capitán Miranda, Departamento de Suelos. Itapúa, Paraguay https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5498-1594
Alodia Concepción González Instituto Paraguayo de Tecnología Agraria, Centro de Investigación Capitán Miranda, Departamento de Suelos. Itapúa, Paraguay https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3373-8608
Javier Emilio Szostak Instituto Paraguayo de Tecnología Agraria, Centro de Investigación Capitán Miranda, Departamento de Suelos. Itapúa, Paraguay https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5442-9219
Marcos Fabian Sanabria Franco Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. São Paulo, Brasil. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7820-9037

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18004/investig.agrar.2024.diciembre.2602806%20%20

Palabras clave:

agricultura conservacionista, agricultura sustentable, investigación sistemática, salud del suelo, seguridad alimentaria

Resumen

La labranza ha constituido un pilar fundamental en la instalación y evolución de la agricultura a lo largo del tiempo. Sin embargo, su impacto en la calidad del suelo y la productividad agrícola ha recibido atención significativa debido a los desafíos ambientales y la necesidad de una agricultura sostenible. Este estudio evaluó el estado del arte sobre las prácticas de labranza y su influencia en la calidad del suelo y la productividad agrícola en los últimos 20 años, mediante un análisis de 92 artículos de la base de datos Web of Science. Los resultados revelan un creciente interés en el tema en la última década, con contribuciones destacadas de Estados Unidos, China, Brasil, Canadá e India, enfocándose en sistemas conservacionistas y su relación con la calidad del suelo, la materia orgánica y la productividad agrícola. Los indicadores evaluados más frecuentemente incluyen parámetros físicos (densidad aparente, resistencia a la penetración, agregados, porosidad), químicos (nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, pH) y biológicos (carbono orgánico, biomasa microbiana, actividades enzimáticas). La revisión sugiere que los sistemas de labranza conservacionistas tienden a mejorar la calidad del suelo y la productividad de cultivos. Sin embargo, algunos estudios presentan resultados contradictorios en cuanto a la calidad física del suelo y la productividad, atribuibles a factores intrínsecos. Para entender mejor los impactos de las prácticas de labranza, es crucial realizar investigaciones nacionales considerando las exigencias edafoclimáticas de los diferentes cultivos para identificar las condiciones en las cuales los sistemas conservacionistas son más eficientes para una agricultura más sustentable y resiliente. Palabras clave: Agricultura conservacionista, agricultura sustentable, investigación sistemática, salud del suelo, seguridad alimentaria. La labranza ha constituido un pilar fundamental en la instalación y evolución de la agricultura a lo largo del tiempo. Sin embargo, su impacto en la calidad del suelo y la productividad agrícola ha recibido atención significativa debido a los desafíos ambientales y la necesidad de una agricultura sostenible. Este estudio evaluó el estado del arte sobre las prácticas de labranza y su influencia en la calidad del suelo y la productividad agrícola en los últimos 20 años, mediante un análisis de 92 artículos de la base de datos Web of Science. Los resultados revelan un creciente interés en el tema en la última década, con contribuciones destacadas de Estados Unidos, China, Brasil, Canadá e India, enfocándose en sistemas conservacionistas y su relación con la calidad del suelo, la materia orgánica y la productividad agrícola. Los indicadores evaluados más frecuentemente incluyen parámetros físicos (densidad aparente, resistencia a la penetración, agregados, porosidad), químicos (nitrógeno, fósforo, potasio, pH) y biológicos (carbono orgánico, biomasa microbiana, actividades enzimáticas). La revisión sugiere que los sistemas de labranzas conservacionistas tienden a mejorar la calidad del suelo y la productividad de cultivos. Sin embargo, algunos estudios presentan resultados contradictorios en cuanto a la calidad física del suelo y la productividad, atribuibles a factores intrínsecos. Para entender mejor los impactos de las prácticas de labranza, es crucial realizar investigaciones a nivel nacional que consideren las exigencias edafoclimáticas de los diferentes cultivos, con el fin de identificar las condiciones en las que los sistemas conservacionistas resultan más eficientes para una agricultura más sustentable y resiliente.

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